Volume II. Issue 1 (2021)

Urban Identities – Renewal and Heritage (Part I)

Csaba Zahorán Special Editor of the Thematic Issue

 

Published on 17 February 2021

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Veronika Szeghy-Gayer, Csaba Zahorán, Miklós Mitrovits, György Lukács B.

1920 in the Memory of Central Europeans: A Regional Panorama

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51918/ceh.2021.1.1

The year 1920 plays key a role in memory politics in East-Central European countries, too. Reconstruction had already been under way at some places and in newly annexed areas new authorities began to establish themselves. Elsewhere, for instance in Polish, Ukrainian and Belarussian areas, military operations had yet to end. Moreover, the border between Poland and Lithuania, as well as Poland and Germany (in Eastern Prussia) were uncertain, while Silesia (Śląsk in Polish and Schlesien in German) was in upheaval and the future of Fiume had yet not to be settled. Thus, it is not surprising that the events that took place a hundred years ago are among the most salient questions for historical research and memory politics. In this paper, we survey these in the form of brief, country-specific summaries.

Introduction

Urban Identities – Renewal and Heritage

Articles

Veronika Szeghy-Gayer

Politics of memory in post-socialist Košice and the Márai-project

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51918/ceh.2021.1.2

The purpose of the paper is to present and analyse the local politics of memory in post-1989 Slovakia with special attention to Košice, situated in the Eastern part of the Slovak Republic. In this study, local politics of memory is memory politics that the Slovak city leaders, the minority communities and the local civil society practices. The paper will address politics of memory by elaborating on what a currently mono-ethnic Slovak city does with its remarkably rich Hungarian, German or Jewish heritage. The first part of the paper will discuss theoretical issues. The second part analyses the battle for the public space in the city after 1989. For doing so, it is necessary to outline the significance and the place of Košice in the Slovak and Hungarian collective historical memories. The focus of analysis will be on the memory sites inaugurated by the Slovak city leaders and the Hungarian community, as well as the local policy of the civil society in promoting the heritage of the city. The third section will discuss the shifting place of Sándor Márai, an internationally renowned Košice-born writer, in the way this heritage is represented.

Bauer, Juraj: És múltak a századok… Emléktáblák és feliratok, címerek, szobrok, monogramok, jelek a házakon. Košice-Kassa 2008. 13–17.

Brandt, Juliane: Mehrsprachigkeit – ein Weg, verkehrsfähig zu sein. Die Stadtbevölkerung von Kaschau/Kassa/Košice und ihre Sprachen um 1900. Spiegelungen 8. (2013) 1. 52–67.

Cities After The Fall of Communism. Reshaping Cultural Landscapes and European Identity. Eds. John J. Czaplicka – Nida Glazis – Blair A. Ruble. Baltimore 2009.

Czoch Gábor: A nemzetiségi megoszlás kérdései és társadalmi dimenziói Kassán az 1850/51-es összeírás alapján. In: Czoch Gábor: „A városok szíverek.” Tanulmányok Kassáról és a reformkori városokról. Pozsony 2009. 149-164.

den Boer, Pim: Lieux de mémoire in comparative perspective. In: Loci memoriae Hungaricae I: The theoretical foundations of Hungarian ‘Lieux de mémoire’ studies Eds. S. Varga Pál – Karl Katschtaler – Donald E. Morse – Takács Miklós Debrecen 2013. 44-50.

Doruľa, Ján: Hornouhorsko-košický Uhromaďar Sándor Márai v osídlach karpatsko-uhorskej slovansko-slovenskej traumy. Slavica Slovaca 46. (2011) 2. 97–142.

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Frický, Alexander: Košice kultúrne pamiatky. Vydalo Východoslovenké vydavateľstvo v Košiciach pre Mestskú správu pamiatok v Košiciach. 1974

Fried István: A politikus író Márai Sándor. In: Fried István: „Ne az író történjen meg, hanem a műve”. A politikus és az irodalmi író Márai Sándor. Budapest 2002. 174–188.

Henschel, Frank: »Das Fluidum der Stadt …« Urbane Lebenswelten in Kassa/Košice/Kaschau zwischen Sprachenvielfalt und Magyarisierung 1867−1918. Göttingen 2017.

Juhaščíková, Ivana – Pavol Škápik – Zuzana Štukovská: Základné údaje zo Sčítania obyvateľov, domov a bytov 2011. Bratislava 2012.

Kirst, Jozef: The oldest Coat of Arms in Europe awarded to a city. In: Košice in the Coordinated of European History. Eds. Mária Hajduová − Martin Bar- toš. Košice 2013. 66–73.

Márai Sándor: Hallgatni akartam. Budapest 2013.

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Priatková, Adriána– Ján Sekán – Tamáska Máté: The Urban Planning of Košice and the Development of a 20th Century Avenue. Architektúra & Urbanizmus LIV. 2020. 70-87.

Rabotnikof, Nora: Memoria y política a 30 años del golpe. In: Argentina, 1976. Estudios en torno al golpe de estado. Comps. Clara Lida – Horacio Crespo – Pablo Yankelevich. México 2007. 259-284.

Remembering the City. A Guide Through the Past of Košice. Eds. Gayer Veronika – Slavka Otčenašová – Zahorán Csaba. Bp–Košice 2013.

Rifaioğlu, Mert Nezih − Neriman Şahin Güçhan: The Concept of Identity and Its Identification Process in Urban Conservation Projects. Conference Paper presented at the event “Regional Architecture and Identity in the Age of Globalization” organized by the Center for the Study of Architecture in the Arab Region (CSAAR) Tunis 2007.

Sezneva, Olga: Locating Kaliningrad/Königsberg on the Map of Europe: ”A Russia in Europe” or a ”A Europe in Russia”. In: Cities After The Fall of Communism Eds. Czaplicka, J. et al. 2009. 195–215. Štrauss, Tomáš: Moje Košice. Bratislava 2012.

Šutaj, Štefan: Trianon v historickej pamäti na Slovensku. In: Rozpad Uhorska a Trianonská mierová zmluva. K politikám pamäti na Slovenksu a v Maďarsku. Eds. Miroslav Michela – Ladislav Vörös. Bratislava 2013. 97–114.

Vadkerty Katalin: A kitelepítéstől a reszlovakizációig 1945–1948. Trilógia a csehszlovákiai magyarság 1945–1948 közötti történetéről. Pozsony 2007.

Vitajte v Košiciach. Oficiálny spiervodca mestom. Slovenská agentúra pre cestovný ruch, Bratislava v spolupráci s KOŠICE – Turizmus. 2011.

Vitti, Vanda: (Trans-)Formationen jüdischer Lebenswelten nach  1989.  Eine Ethnografie in zwei slowakischen Städten. Bielefeld 2015. https://doi. org/10.14361/9783839431047

Gruia Bădescu

Architectural Reconfigurations and Urban Remaking After Ruptures: Interrogating Frontier Urbanism in Rijeka/Fiume

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51918/ceh.2021.1.3

The city of Rijeka/Fiume underwent an array of transitions in the long twentieth century, from the port of Hungary in the Dual Monarchy to a free city, to D´Annunzio´s Italian Regency of Carnaro, annexation by Italy, incorporation into Yugoslavia, and eventually the independence of Croatia. The article examines the processes of urban reconstruction and architectural reconfigurations in the city as “frontier urbanism”, building on Wendy Pullan’s (2011) discussion of how various actors employ architectural and place-making practices to secure the state in contested urban space. The article traces Rijeka/Fiume´s urban development as a window of fixating state identities in the built environment throughout the century, focusing on the aftermath of the Second World War. It examines the urban transformations of the city as the demographic landscape was reshaped after the departure of the local Italian-speaking majority and the arrival of workers from various parts of Yugoslavia, but also from Italy. By analysing decisions to rebuild or not buildings damaged by war, as well as the demolition of the 1943-built votive temple in Mlaka, the article inquires how reconstruction and urban planning became avenues to secure the state at its new frontiers.

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D´ Alessio, Vanni: Divided Legacies, Iconoclasm and Shared Cultures in Contested Rijeka/Fiume. In: Borderlands of Memory: Adriatic and Central European Perspectives. Ed. Borut Klabjan. Oxford. Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, New York, Wien 2019. https://doi.org/10.3726/b13041

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Jeličić, Ivan: Nell’ombra dell’autonomismo. Il Movimento Socialista a Fiu- me, 1901-1921. PhD Thesis. Trieste 2017.

Jeličić, Ivan: Uz stogodišnjicu riječkog Radničkog vijeća. Klasna alternati- va nacionalnim državama na sutonu Monarhije [With the centenary of the Workers’ Council in Rijeka. Class alternative to national states at the eve of Monarchy]. Časopis za povijest Zapadne Hrvatske 12. (2017) 63-84.

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Pavlaković, Vjeran ─ Gruia Bădescu: Urban Monuments and the Spatializa- tion of National Ideologies, in The Routledge Companion to Urban Media and Communication. Eds. Zlatan Krajina and Deborah Stevenson Abingdon 2019. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315211633

Pullan, Wendy: Frontier Urbanism: The Periphery at the Centre of Contested Cities. The Journal of Architecture 16. (2011) 15–35. https://doi.org/10.108 0/13602365.2011.546999

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Sezneva,Olga: Architecture of Descent: Historical Reconstructions and the Politics of Belonging in Kaliningrad, the Former Königsberg. Journal of Urban History 39. (2013): 767–787. doi.org/10.1177/0096144212470095

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van Hout Milou: Rediscovering Cityness in the Adriatic Borderland: Imagining Cultural Citizenship in Rijeka and Trieste Across the Long Twentieth Century. PhD Thesis. Amsterdam 2020.

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Péter Bedők

The City Left Behind: Changes in the Ethnic Composition of Vilnius During and After World War II

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51918/ceh.2021.1.4

The population of Wilno/Vilnius numbered over 200 000 people when the Second World War broke out. The city found itself at the crossroads of Polish, Lithuanian and belated Belarusian nation building efforts. In the first phase of the war, the multi-ethnic city which was also a centre of a voivodship and where Poles were the majority community, came under Lithuanian authority. The Soviet military and diplomatic actions played a key role in this change. The arrival of the Soviet troops halted the extensive “Lithuanianization” process that had begun. As a result, tensions between the Polish community and the Lithuanian state eased. The Extermination of the Jewish population the city commenced with the German invasion on 24 June 1941. Before the Soviet troops reached the Vilnius Region, the Polish Home Army (AK) gained control over the rural areas. Despite the Polish plans, Vilnius was liberated with the help of the Soviet Red Army on 13 July 1944. The relationship between the Polish and the Soviet army quickly turned hostile. Moreover, violence continued to accompany population movement. Even though the Old Town remained largely intact, the demographic profile of Vilnius altered dramatically. First, it became a Russian dominated space. Following the collectivization, as a result of the influx of the Lithuanians intensified and they gradually became the majority in the city.

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Davies, Norman: Rising ’44. The Battle of Warsaw. London 2004

Davoliūtė, Violeta: The Making and Breaking of Soviet Lithuania. Memory and modernity in the wake of war. London-New York, 2013 https://doi. org/10.4324/9781315882628

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Csaba Zahorán

“Towns in captivity”. Transformation of the towns of Transylvania in the interwar period: the Hungarian point of view

DOI: https://doi.org/10.51918/ceh.2021.1.5

In this paper I look at the Hungarian representation of the way towns in Transylvania changed after these had become part of Romania after World War I. While, according to the census of 1910, Hungarians made up a third of the total population of Transylvania, their share was about 60% in urban contexts. Besides the place urban spaces occupied in Hungarian historical consciousness, this factor determined the way Hungarian commentators interpreted the “loss” of Transylvanian towns. The idea that the “loss of Hungarian towns” changed the formerly Hungarian character of the towns, and their “Balkanization” were central motifs of Hungarian discourse in the interwar period. Some of these elements are present even today. Although the texts I investigate are part of the Hungarian discourse of ressentiment, I argue that they offer some insight into the changes in the “identity of the city”: the urban world which belonged to Central-Europe shifted to another cultural context, to that of Southeastern Europe. Moreover, I will show that these texts also reveal the process of nationalisation of towns, which became an important goal for the national elites since the 19th century within the project of building the modern national state.

Ablonczy Balázs: Ismeretlen Trianon. Az összeomlás és a békeszerződés történetei, 1918−1921. Budapest 2020.

Az erdélyi kérdés. Magyar Kisebbség (1998) 1. 3−101.

Barcsa Dániel: Erdély. A Magyar Történelmi Társulat szerkesztése alapján. Pomáz 2011.

Beksics Gusztáv: Magyarosodás és magyarosítás. Különös tekintettel városainkra. Budapest 1883.

Blomqvist, Anders E. B.: Economic Nationalizing in the Ethnic Borderlands of Hungary and Romania Inclusion, Exclusion and Annihilation in Szatmár/ Satu-Mare 1867−1944. Stockholm 2014.

Borsi-Kálmán Béla: Hasonlóságok, különbségek − és tanulságok. Korunk (2008) 1. 15−24.

Borsi-Kálmán Béla: Hasonlóságok, különbségek − és tanulságok II. Korunk (2008) 2. 50−59.

Borsi-Kálmán Béla: Nemzetstratégiák. Politológiai és társadalom-lélektani esszék, tanulmányok a román−magyar (francia), a szlovák (cseh)−magyar, a francia−amerikai és a német−francia viszony történetéből. Budapest 2013.

Gerő András (Összeáll.): Sorsdöntések. A kiegyezés − 1867, A trianoni béke − 1920, A párizsi béke − 1947. Budapest 1989.

Győri Illés István (Szerk.): Metamorphosis Transylvaniae. Országrészünk átalakulása 1918−1936. Cluj [Kolozsvár] 1937.

Gyurgyák János: Ezzé lett magyar hazátok. A magyar nemzeteszme és nacionalizmus története. Budapest 2007.

Hámori Péter: Trianon után. A megfélemlített Kolozsvár. Rubicon (2018) 1. 75–79.

Horváth-Kovács Szilárd: Hogyan tapasztaltuk meg az autentikus „balkánt“ Dobrudzsában. Transindex. (letöltve: 2020. nov. 19.)

Jancsó Benedek: A román irredentista mozgalmak története. Máriabesnyő−Gödöllő 2004.

Livezeanu, Irina: Cultural Politics in Greater Romania. Regionalism, Nation Building, & Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930. Ithaca and London 2000.

Mărășoiu, Alexandra – Ilie, Oana (coord.): Orașele Transilvaniei / Towns of Transylvania, București, 2013.

Molnár Gusztáv: Az erdélyi kérdés. Magyar Kisebbség (1997) 3−4. 208−232.

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Ludovika University of Public Services
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A honlap további használatához a sütik használatát el kell fogadni. További információ

A süti beállítások ennél a honlapnál engedélyezett a legjobb felhasználói élmény érdekében. Amennyiben a beállítás változtatása nélkül kerül sor a honlap használatára, vagy az "Elfogadás" gombra történik kattintás, azzal a felhasználó elfogadja a sütik használatát.

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